The Betrayal of Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

The Betrayal of Julius Caesar Essay 1- Julius Caesar lives in Rome, Italy. Some of his most famous battles were in Alesia, Pharsalus, Zela, and Munda. (biography.com) 2- Brutus spent much of his adult life in Rome, Italy. (livius.org) 3- Caesar was born in 100 BCE and died 44 BCE. He may have lived longer if he lived in modern times. (biography.com) 4- Brutus was born 85 BCE and died 42 BCE. He too may have loved longer if he lived in modern times. (biography.com) 5- Some cultural differences are that many people in Rome valued public service above almost anything and many people also depended on the work of slaves. In a republic the people rule and make decisions through series of elections. The people wanted Caesar to rule because Rome was experiencing many problems they believed he could fix and because he was kind to the middle class. Brutus didnt want Caesar to become lifelong dictator mostly because he wanted the title for himself. For the republic to have a king, it would actually mean that it would no longer be a republic, having a king means sovereignty and power no longer lies with the people, it lies with the king. In our culture this situation would be handled a lot differently considering we are a democracy and do not want a king, dictator, or ultimate ruler. 6- Caesars story is one of betrayal because Brutus murdered Caesar when Caesar trusted Brutus. (bbc.co.uk) 7- Ultimately Brutus and other liberators conspired to kill Caesar and did just that. This happened because many people did not want Rome to fall back into monarchical rule and did not like Caesars growing popularity. (biography.com)

Essay on Internet Privacy - Invasion of Privacy on the Internet

Invasion of Privacy on the Internet       Invasion of privacy is a serious issue concerning the Internet, as e-mails can be read if not encrypted, and cookies can track a user and store personal information. Lack of privacy policies and employee monitoring threatens security also. Individuals should have the right to protect themselves as much as possible from privacy invasion and shouldn't have to give in to lowered standards of safety being pursued by the government.    Encryption is the best and most convenient way to ensure that e-mails and other files transferred via the Internet are kept private during transfer. The widespread use of strong encryption technology is essential to protect consumers and businesses against spies, fraud, and theft over the computer networks used in electronic commerce. The federal government has just announced a new policy that will maintain restrictions on the export of encryption stronger than 56 bits. Stronger encryption technology may be exported only to subsidiaries of U.S. companies in most countries, or to certain economic sectors in 42 countries (insurance, banking, or online merchants). Some law enforcement interests support legislation that would force U.S. citizens and residents to give the government access to the secret keys that read encryption. Government-mandated key recovery and controls over the strength of encryption are a grave danger to the privacy of law-abiding citizens and businesses, not only in the United States but all over the world. This compromises freedom and sacrifices basic privacy rights.    A new law, Senate bill 6027 (the E-Privacy Act), is trying to combat these sacrifices. This law would prohibit indirect controls or ties to encryption use... ...umers should demand that these stipulations be addressed and attended to. Invasion of privacy is happening more than many individuals realize, so staying aware and alert of exploitation is necessary. Privacy violation over the Internet is just as important as privacy in the home: it belongs to us and shouldn't be taken away by anyone. Sources Cited The E-Privacy Act--Analysis of the bill by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Key_escrow/1998/HTML/19980521_e-privacy_eff_analysis.html Privacy Invasion Links--Articles, organizations, and resources. http://www.larrysworld.com/privacy.html Personal Privacy--Steps to protect the consumer. http://www.larrysworld.com/articles/personalpriv.htm Internet Privacy Coalition--The latest news in Internet security through encryption. http://www.epic.org/crypto/

Gertrude and Ophelia Essay

Shakespeare’s characterization of Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet is paradoxical as it challenges as well as complements the contemporary social traditions and norms. Gertrude is the best example of this paradox that is manifested through her extraordinary supremacy over all the major characters of Hamlet, her influence in the court matters and state affairs and her blind obedience to Claudius. Ophelia is also active in her domestic domain but her interest are restricted to amorous and matrimonial maters only and they are further directed by his father Polonius and brother Laertes. She is an epitome of traditional feminist expressions of the age that require chastity, compliance and acceptance of male dominancy from women. Gertrude influence is wide ranging as it encompasses the domestic as well as the state affairs. Simultaneously she manifests the behaviour that is in consonance with the contemporary traditional view. She has the ability to captivate, fend off, or manipulate all important male characters for her own interests. Act 2, scene 2, clearly manifests how Gertrude behaves authoritatively with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and with Polonius. This scene further depicts her interaction with Claudius and influence she possesses over Claudius. But she further exhibit the behaviour hat is an embodiment of Elizabethan socio-cultural milieu and its values. She is subservient to Claudius when she agrees to Claudius’ plan to trap Hamlet, ‘I shall obey you,’ (3. 1. 37). Again in the closet scene, she is in compliance to Hamlet’s orders; ‘What should I do? ’ she asks (3. 4. 181). Furthermore, despite Gertrude’s conformist female acquiescent behaviour, her excessive sexuality and lust makes him a non-traditional woman. This portrayal of Gertrude clearly challenges the social and ethical norm of Elizabethan society. Her sexuality is intimidating for both Hamlets, father and son, who consider it brutal, extreme, and tainted: ‘Nay, but to live/ In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,/ Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love/ Over the nasty sty’ (3. 4. 92- ¬95); Again it is said; ‘ So lust, though to a radient angel linked,/ Will sate itself in a celestial bed And prey on garbage. ’ (1. 5. 55 ¬-57). These lines are not in conformity with the woman image of contemporary society where woman’s chastity was the first condition for her social recognition. The relation of Hamlet and Gertrude is marked with oedipal connotations. Hamlet is placed in a situation his unconscious incestuous inclinations are juxtaposed with the apparent incestuous relationship of Gertrude and Claudius who is a new father figure to him. This juxtaposition and presence of Oedipal feelings plays an important in changing Hamlet’s behaviour toward his mother. Ophelia is raised in a motherless environment so she was dominated by the mannish thought and authority from the earliest. Thus her character is formed to accept the demands and wishes external to her own self. Furthermore, Shakespeare characterization of Ophelia is influenced by the cultural tradition of the male-dominant Elizabethan society. Ophelia is a typical character that is a mirror image of contemporary society. She remains passive in the domestic and emotional domain. Ophelia has no identity of her own and all her domestic and amorous matters are directed by her father. Polonius endeavours to fashion the life and attitude of Ophelia according to his own wishes. He considers his desires as her desires and tries to tailor her approach by various means. So right from the very start, Ophelia is under the sway of Laertes and Polonius. So her character is in complete conformity with the traditional values of that time. Polonius always responds from a position of authority over Ophelia, emphasizing his power as the decision-maker for her. Both her father and brother have a self assigned task of directing Ophelia how to act properly in every domain of her life. Although Shakespeare has characterized Ophelia as inferior to male characters, but characterization of Gertrude has dual characteristic. Sometime it challenges the traditions of the conformist society and sometime it itself become conforms to the values of the society by acting passively. Although Gertrude and Ophelia are two different women but they are caught in the same dilemma and circumstances in relation to Hamlet. Both love Hamlet and suffer due to their relation with Hamlet. Although Gertrude follows the bidding of Claudius throughout the story, and cannot even effectually resist Polonius, she evinces a deep love for Hamlet. She almost lives by looking at Hamlet. The contempt and hatred of her beloved son cut her to the quick and drives her to the very verge of madness. It must be noted that when Hamlet’s upbraiding grows unbearable for the queen, the ghost of his father steps in to save Gertrude from a further expression of their son’s bitter hatred. Shakespeare has characterized her as a round character that develops herself as the play moves toward its end. Although she acknowledges her blunders but is not fully aware of its overall gravity and effect on Hamlet. She says to Hamlet; O Hamlet, speak no more! / Thou turn’st mine eyes into my very soul,/ And there I see such black and grained spots/ As will not leave their tinct. (3. 4. 89-92) Same happens with Ophelia as Hamlet is harsh to Ophelia. He charges her with unfaithfulness. Polonius and Laertes warn her of excessive indulgence in amorous affair with Hamlet. Although she is caring and loves her family i. e. Polonius and Laertes but her love for Hamlet was stronger than her discretion. So she â€Å"sucked the honey of his music vows†, (3. 1. 57) and that his loss to her madder her â€Å"of ladies most deject and wretched†. (3. 1. 56) We know that her love for Hamlet was not so strong yet queen hopes in vain that her virtues â€Å"Will bring him to his wonted way again. † (3. 1. 41) Both Gertrude and Ophelia do not direct or affect the course of events directly but their role is of considerable importance for understanding the character of Hamlet. Hamlet at once intensely Gertrude and passionately hates her. Same is the case with Ophelia. Hamlet loves him fervently and in an honourable way as Ophelia declares early in the play; My lord, he hath importuned me with/ In honourable fashion. (1. 3. 100-111) Later in the play, Hamlet communicates his feeling toward her in this way on her grave; I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers/ Could not, with all their quantity of love,/ Make up my sum, (5. 1. 269-271) There are some visible differences between Gertrude and Ophelia as mentioned above but there subtle and implicit differences too. One of these differences is their attitude toward faithfulness. Gertrude seems unfaithful whereas Ophelia embodies the spirit of Elizabethan concept of fidelity. Gertrude is an instrument of, and incentive towards, crime; she is not criminally involved herself. The only exception to this the fact that by consenting to marry Claudius only such a short while after the death of her husband, she betrays either the greater infirmity of will, or an abnormally high degree of sexuality. The ghost makes it clear that Gertrude was neither an accessory to the murder nor even aware of it. We can call her a weak woman, not a wicked or depraved woman. The ghost styles her ‘seeming virtuous’. Hamlet forces her to search her heart. Then she is able to see how shameless and offensive to good sense and modesty her ‘over-hasty marriage’ was. It is quite clear that Ophelia is constant in her faithfulness to Hamlet as well as to her family. This tussle between love and duty plays some part in her loss of sanity. She is devotedly fond even of his tyrannical father and listens meekly to her brother’s precepts and promises; â€Å"I shall the effect of this good lesson keep/ As watchman to my heart†. (1. 3. 45-46) As in all things she obeys him, no matter how much it costs her to disobey the promptings of her heart. She also becomes an instrument for spying on the prince. But on the other side her love and fidelity to Hamlet remains the strongest factor in her life. Although she never declares her love in so many words, yet we know that her heart was given entirely to him. This is a manifestation of divergent rather conflictive faithfulness that she to his lover and family. Despite this intricate environment, she never betrayed her family as well as Hamlet. Another important contrast is their strength of character in reacting to this complex situation. Gertrude remains stable in this state of affairs due to her strong characterization but Ophelia turns mad and behaves like childlike. Thus she becomes the most pathetic of Shakespeare characters. Unlike Gertrude she possesses a childlike simplicity and maintains it throughout the play. So Shakespeare dramatic realism has produced a character full of pathos and miseries in the form of Ophelia and has used it effectively, like Gertrude, in the overall design of the play. As above-mentioned claims supported by textual and extra-textual facts clearly reveal that both Gertrude and Ophelia have certain common characteristics but they were not certainly identical characters. Both are used as subsidiaries to the main characters. Shakespeare skilfully takes advantage of their presence in the play and uses them in the larger design of the play. He further shows different manifestation of human character through them. Although both remain a prey to same dilemma and to an almost same fate in the play but as both have different dispositions and socio-cultural upbringing so they react differently to the situations and they have different roles to play in the play. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Washington Square Press: New York, 1992.

How to Make Non-Toxic, Realistic Fake Snow in Minutes

You can make fake snow using a common polymer. The fake snow is non-toxic, feels cool to the touch, lasts for days, and looks similar to the real thing. Key Takeaways: Make Fake Snow One of the easiest ways to make realistic fake snow is to mix sodium polyacrylate and water.The resulting snow is white, wet, fluffy, and cool to the touch. It is also non-toxic and reuseable.Sodium polyacrylate is a polymer used in disposable diapers, growing toys, sanitary napkins, and gel water sources. Fake Snow Materials You only need two simple materials for this project: Sodium polyacrylateWater What You Do There are a couple of ways to get the ingredient necessary to make fake polymer snow. You can purchase the fake snow or you can harvest sodium polyacrylate from common household sources. You can find sodium polyacrylate inside disposable diapers or as crystals in a garden center, used to help keep soil moist.All you need to do to make this type of fake snow is add water to the sodium polyacrylate. Add some water, mix the gel. Add more water until you have the desired amount of wetness. The gel will not dissolve. Its just a matter of how slushy you want your snow.Sodium polyacrylate snow feels cool to the touch because it is mainly water. If you want to add more realism to the fake snow, you can refrigerate or freeze it. The gel will not melt. If it dries out, you can rehydrate it by adding water. Helpful Tips Fake snow is non-toxic, as you would expect from a material used in disposable diapers. However, dont purposely eat it. Remember, non-toxic is not the same as edible.When you are done playing with fake snow, its safe to throw it away. Alternatively, you can dry it out to save and re-use.If you want yellow snow (or some other color), you can mix food coloring into the fake snow.If you want drier snow, you can reduce the amount of water the polymer can absorb by adding a small amount of salt.Skin contact with the artificial snow could potentially cause a irritation or a rash. This is because leftover acrylic acid could remain as a by-product of sodium polyacrylate production. The level of acrylic acid is regulated for disposable diapers to be less than 300 PPM. If you choose another source for the chemical that isnt intended for human skin contact, the resulting snow could be itchy. About Sodium Polyacrylate Sodium polyacrylate is also known by the common name waterlock. The polymer is a sodium salt of acrylic acid with the chemical formula [−CH2−CH(CO2Na)−]n. The material is superabsorbent, with the capacity to absorb 100 to 1000 times its weight in water. While the sodium form of the polymer is most common, similar materials exist substituting potassium, lithium, or ammonium for sodium. While sodium-neutralized polymers are most common in diapers and feminine napkins, the potassium-neutralized polymer is more common in soil amendment products. The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the material in the early 1960s. Researchers sought a material to improve water retention in soils. Originally, the scientists developed a hydrolyzed product made from a starch-acrylonitrile co-polymer. This polymer, known as Super Slurper, absorbed over 400 times its weight in water, but did not release the water back again. Many chemical companies worldwide joined the race to develop a super absorbent polymer. These included Dow Chemical, General Mills, Sanyo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Sarch, Dupont, and Sumitomo Chemical. The first commercial products resulting from the research were released in the early 1970s. However, the first applications were for adult incontinence products and feminine sanitary napkins, not soil amendments. The first use of a super absorbent polymer in a baby diaper was in 1982. Sodium polyacrylate is also used to make the fun toy Fortune Teller Miracle Fish. Sources of Sodium Polyacrylate for Fake Snow Disposable diapers and garden crystals arent the only sources of sodium polyacrylate for fake snow. You can harvest it from the following products. If the particle size is too big for snowflakes, pulse the wet gel in a blender to reach the desired consistency. Pet padDrown-free insect and bird feedersSanitary napkinAnti-flood bagGel hot or cold packGrowing toysInside waterbedsWater blocker for wire and cables

People Translated in German Leute, Menschen, and Volk

One of the most common translation errors  made by inexperienced students of German has to do with the English word â€Å"people.† Since most beginners tend to grab the first definition they see in their English-German dictionary, they often come up with unintentionally hilarious or incomprehensible German sentences, and â€Å"people† is no exception. There are three main words in German that can mean â€Å"people†:  Leute,  Menschen, and  Volk/Và ¶lker. In addition, the German pronoun  man  (not  der Mann!) can be used to mean â€Å"people. Yet another possibility is no â€Å"people† word at all, as in â€Å"die Amerikaner† for â€Å"the American people. In general, the three main words are not interchangeable, and in most cases using one of them instead of the correct one will cause confusion, laughter, or both. Of all the terms, it is  Leute  that gets used too often and most inappropriately. Lets take a look at each German word for â€Å"people.† Leute This is a common informal term for â€Å"people† in general. It is a word that only exists in the plural. (The singular of  Leute  is  die/eine Person.) You use it to speak of people in an informal, general sense:  Leute von heute  (people of today),  die Leute, die ich kenne  (the people I know). In everyday speech,  Leute  is sometimes used in place of  Menschen:  die Leute/Menschen in meiner Stadt  (the people in my town). But never use  Leute  or  Menschen  after an adjective of nationality.  A German-speaker would never say â€Å"die deutschen Leute† for â€Å"the German people†! In such cases, you should just say â€Å"die Deutschen† or â€Å"das deutsche Volk.† It is wise to think twice before using  Leute  in a sentence since it tends to be overused and misused by German-learners. Menschen This is a more formal term for â€Å"people.† It is a word that refers to people as individual â€Å"human beings.†Ã‚  Ein Mensch  is a human being;  der Mensch  is â€Å"man† or â€Å"mankind.† (Think of the Yiddish expression â€Å"Hes a mensch,† i.e., a real person, a genuine human being, a good guy.) In the plural,  Menschen  are human beings or people. You use  Menschen  when youre talking about people or personnel in a company (die Menschen von IBM, the people of IBM) or people in a particular place (in Zentralamerika hungern die Menschen, people in Central America are going hungry). Volk This German people term is used in a very limited, specialized way. It is the only word that should be used when speaking of people as a nation, a community, a regional group, or â€Å"we, the people.† In some situations,  das Volk  is translated as â€Å"nation,† as in  der Và ¶lkerbund, the League of Nations.  Volk  is usually a collective singular noun, but it can also be used in the formal plural sense of â€Å"peoples,† as in the famous quotation: â€Å"Ihr Và ¶lker der Welt...† The inscription above the entrance to the German  Reichstag  (parliament) reads: â€Å"DEM DEUTSCHEN VOLKE,† â€Å"To the German People.† (The -e  ending on  Volk  is a traditional dative ending, still seen in common expressions such as  zu Hause, but no longer required in modern German.) Man The word  man  is a pronoun that can mean â€Å"they,† â€Å"one,† â€Å"you,† and sometimes â€Å"people,† in the sense of â€Å"man sagt, dass...† (â€Å"people say that...†). This pronoun should never be confused with the noun  der Mann  (man, male person). Note that the pronoun  man  is not capitalized and has only one n, while the noun  Mann  is capitalized and has two ns.

The Role of Men and Women in Ken Keseys One Flew over the...

In a perfect world, men and women would live as equals, sharing power in all aspects of life. While this may be an appealing notion, it is nonexistent in society. Strong men are seen by women as abusive and dominating, while strong women are seen by men as castrating and emasculating. The text of Ken Kesey’s novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in many ways, conforms to the structure of conventional male myth and asks the reader to accept that myth as a heroic pattern. From a masculinist perspective, it offers a charismatic hero in Randle Patrick McMurphy, a figure of spiritual strength and sexual energy, whose laughter restores the patients of the mental institution to life and confounds the combine’s â€Å"machines,† or authoritarians.†¦show more content†¦In the struggle between McMurphy and the Big Nurse, good and evil are represented in the form of male and female. This struggle is clearly marked as a sexual one: Nurse Ratched derives a gr eat deal of her power from her ability to infantilize and humiliate the men – to render them sexless. McMurphy calls her a â€Å"ball-cutter,† and according to Hardings analogy she is the â€Å"wolf† who has turned the men into castrated â€Å"rabbits.† As Robert Forrey describes in his article, â€Å"Ken Keseys Psychopathic Savior: A Rejoinder,† â€Å"the premise of the novel is that women ensnare, emasculate, and, in some cases, crucify men† (Forrey 224). The events at the end of the novel confirm the texts masculinist perspective, leaving the reader with a disturbing sense that McMurphys sacrifice is necessary in order to carry out the ritual violation of the â€Å"mother† that is demanded by the male community of the ward. This displays the anti-feminist theme of the text. The masculine approach of the text creates a dichotomy between the males and females of the ward. During his shock therapy, Bromden recalls a tune he used to sing with his grandmother, which provides insight into the division between the male patients and Nurse Ratched: Ting, Tingle, tingle, tremble toes, she’s a good fisherman, catches hens, puts ‘em inna pens†¦wier blier, limber lock, three geese inna flock†¦one flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo’s nest†¦O-U-T spells out†¦goose swoops down andShow MoreRelatedSexism/Racism in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest1542 Words   |  7 Pagesattention to the novel and movie, but this Essay will more then likley get you a C or a B, Depending on if you make changes to the paragraph that starts with The portrayal of woman in One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest is in a way, a role reversal. 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Computer Hardware free essay sample

As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of Operating Systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer Operating Systems will fall into more than one of the below categories. GUI Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See our GUI dictionary definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. System 7. x Windows 98 Windows CE Multi-user A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user Operating Systems. Linux UNIX Windows 2000 Multiprocessing An Operating System capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Hardware or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Below are some examples of multiprocessing Operating Systems. Linux UNIX Windows 2000 Multitasking An Operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking Operating Systems. UNIX Windows 2000 Multithreading Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are: Linux UNIX Windows 2000 Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computers various capabilities, but does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user. A simple, if imperfect, analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light an application to an electric power generation plant the system. The power plant merely generates electricity, itself not really of any use until harnessed to an application like the electric light which performs a service that the user desires. Typical examples of software application are word processors, spreadsheets and media players. Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite. Microsoft Office, which bundles together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, is a typical example. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. And often they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user. For example a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate word processor application. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or Microwave oven. List of software applications Some examples of application software include: accounting packages collaborative software compilers and interpreters computer games cryptography database Educational Software e-mail graphics program spreadsheet text editor web browser web server word processor 6 years agoReport Abuse 0% 0 Votes 1 person rated this as good key operating software is the middle man that acts as an interpreter for application software it talks to the hardware and controls it on behalf of application software. thats the best summary i recall that helps relate it to the real world for people that dont get computers 6 years agoReport Abuse 0% 0 Votes freq. e. t simple, an application runs inside an operating system, normally a computer will have 1 operating system (win dows, unix etc) every other thing (notepad, media player, games, email etc) are application software 6 years ago Personal computer hardware are component devices which are typically installed into or peripheral to a computer caseto create a personal computer upon which system software is installed including a firmware interface such as a BIOS and anoperating system supporting application software that performs the operators desired functions. Operating systems usually communicate with devices through hardware buses by using software device drivers. Contents [hide] 1 Motherboard 2 Power supply 3 Removable media devices 4 Secondary storage 5 Sound card 6 Input and output peripherals 6. 1 Input 6. 2 Output 7 Obsolete Devices 8 See also References [edit]Motherboard Main article: Motherboard The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives (CD, DVD, hard disk, or any others) as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or the expansion slots. Components directly attached to the motherboard include: The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the brain of the computer. It is usuallycooled by a heat sink and fan. Newer CPUs include an on-die Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). The Chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory. The RAM (Random-access Memory) stores resident part of the current running OS (OS core and so on) and all running processes (application parts, using CPU or input/output (I/O) channels or waiting for CPU or I/O channels). The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management. The tasks are handled by operating system drivers. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS. The ROM (Read-only Memory) stores the initial program that runs when the computer is powered on or otherwise begins execution (Bootstrapping also known as booting or booting up). Usually stores the BIOS or UEFI. Internal buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound. Current The north bridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI Express PCI Express, for expansion cards such as graphics, lannd and physics processors, and high-end network interfaces PCI, for other expansion cards SATA, for disk drives ATA Obsolete AGP (superseded by PCI Express) ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers) External bus controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the south bridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus. USB Memory Card FireWire eSATA SCSI [edit]Power supply Main article: Power supply unit (computer) Inside a custom-built computer: the power supply at the bottom has its own cooling fan. A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer.